Tuesday, October 28, 2014

KYSC - Hughes - Jury Instructions, Age and Burdon of Proof




Hughes v. Commonwealth, 2013-SC-000291, TO BE PUBLISHED – Reversing and Remanding


The Supreme Court held in a 4-3 decision that it was reversible error to introduce a photograph of the 12-year-old female victim of a (consensual) rape. The photograph, showing her with a newborn in her arms, taken in the hospital nine months after the weekend tryst, was completely irrelevant because the defendant admitted having sex with her. The Court also strongly suggested that even though the defendant bore the burden of proof that he believed she was sixteen, that the instruction concerning the defendant's belief should not have contained the phrase: "the burden of proof that he believed she was 16 years of age is on the defendant,". The Court found the phrase that if the jury found that the defendant believed she was sixteen sufficient. 

Paul Sysol represented Mr. Hughes at trial; Gene Lewter of the Appeals Branch represented Mr. Hughes on appeal.

Contributed by Julia K. Pearson

Wednesday, October 22, 2014

District judge quits 'Deadbeat' reality show - Louisville C-J

One of the two judges who star in the local reality TV show "Deadbeat," which has drawn criticism for exploiting defendants, says she will no longer allow it to be taped in her courtroom.

In an email to The Courier-Journal editorial board, Jefferson District Judge Erica Lee Williams cited concerns raised by Chief Justice John D. Minton Jr.

Minton issued a statement this week saying that using courtroom footage for the "purposes of entertainment is beneath the dignity of the courts" and that he would discourage judges from participating in anything that "reflects poorly on the court system and could compromise their ability to ensure a fair and impartial experience to those who come before the courts."
Complete Louisville Courier-Journal article and related coverage

Thursday, October 16, 2014

The Special Edition of the Advocate is Now Available: The Kentucky Penal Code


Click here to download October 2014 Advocate

KY’s  Penal Code that was a model when enacted but now at the age of  40 is highly degraded. The history of the Code and its degradation is important context for what is needed  to bring the Code back to its Model status. Former Public Advocate Ernie Lewis and Jefferson County Public Defender Dan Goyette have laid out the long tortuous history of the Code in this issue of The Advocate. To demonstrate the longstanding need for reform, the 1991 charge by the late Frank Haddad Jr. calling for reform has been reprinted in this issue. This issue also includes information on the current growing DOC population especially the over 8,000 inmates incarcerated for PFO and violent offenses.

Significantly, the Kentucky Bar Association Criminal Law Section and the University of Louisville Louis D. Brandeis School of Law are sponsoring the Third Annual Forum on Criminal Law Reform in the Commonwealth of Kentucky on Friday, November 7, 2014.  It features Paul Robinson, the nation’s leading penal code authority, the chairs of Kentucky’s Judiciary Committees and panelists directly involved in efforts to reform the KY Code. The forum will be held from 11:45 a.m.-5:00 p.m. in the School of Law's Allen Courtroom. The program has been accredited for 3.50 CLE credits in Kentucky. Admission to the forum is free, but space is limited.  Registrations will be accepted on a first come, first served basis until the seminar capacity is reached.  A registration form with the full agenda is available on the Criminal Law Section's website.  To register, you must download the paper form and return it via email to lalvey@kybar.org, FAX to Lori Alvey at (502) 564-3225 or mail to 514 West Main Street, Frankfort, KY 40601.  The registration deadline is Friday, October 31. For any questions, contact:

Lori J. Alvey
Program & Publications Attorney/Section Liaison
Kentucky Bar Association
514 W. Main St.
Frankfort, KY  40601
(502) 564-3795 ext. 253
(502) 564-3225 FAX
 

October 2014 Advocate

Monday, October 13, 2014

WDRB: Bullitt County "debtor's prison" raises constitutional questions

 "Sit or Pay" rulings challenged
SHEPHERDSVILLE, Ky. (WDRB) – Convicted of receiving stolen property in 2011, George Schmidt Jr. fell behind on his court-ordered restitution payments – and that was enough for a Bullitt County judge to order Schmidt to jail, indefinitely, until Schmidt could come up with the full $1,265 he owed.

There Schmidt sat for more than nine months until an attorney asked for his release in February 2012, arguing that district judge Rebecca Ward's “sit or pay” ruling was unconstitutional.

Schmidt's public defender said the judge had essentially jailed someone too poor to pay, without a hearing or attorney, despite a ruling more than 30 years ago by the U.S. Supreme Court outlawing the practice, which is often called “debtor's prison.”

In fact, Bullitt County judges have for years jailed defendants indefinitely for not paying restitution or certain court fees, according to a WDRB review of cases.

“The Constitution guarantees that people have due process, an attorney and a hearing -- and none of those things are being given to any of these people,” said Jennifer Wittmeyer, director of the Bullitt County Public Defender's office, who represented Schmidt.
....


The unconstitutional “sit or pay” cases aren't unique to Bullitt County, said Ed Monahan, head of Kentucky's Department of Public Advocacy, which represents defendants who cannot afford an attorney.
“It is a big problem in Kentucky,” he said in an e-mail. “Poor people are being locked up for not paying when there has been no willful refusal to pay.”
Complete article

Friday, October 10, 2014

Coverage of Susan King Exoneration

Louisville Courier - Journal 

Woman elated after murder charge dropped 

Susan Jean King's long ordeal is over.

The one-legged woman who claimed she pleaded guilty to a homicide she didn't commit only because she was railroaded by a state police detective won't face a new trial.

The commonwealth's attorney for Spencer and Shelby counties Tuesday agreed to dismiss charges of murder and tampering with physical evidence against King in the 1998 slaying of Kyle "Deanie" Breeden, said her lawyer, Linda Smith, supervising attorney in the Kentucky Innocence Project.

Complete article


Thursday, October 9, 2014

C-J Op-ed: Why I'm against the death penalty

Op-Ed by Allen Ault, the dean of the College of Justice & Safety at Eastern Kentucky University.
Capital punishment is not a theoretical concept for me. I have murdered five human beings for a state.
At the time of these deaths, I was director of the Georgia Department of Corrections. Ironically, the executions were carried out in the same maximum security prison where I had previously served as warden. As a result of these experiences, I became a strong opponent of capital punishment. I am against the death penalty because:
• It does not act as a deterrent.
• It is costly (for example, California has spent more than $5 billion for 17 executions).
• It is not applied to the most egregious cases.
• The criminal justice system that administers it is extremely imperfect; over the past decade, nearly 150 death row inmates have been exonerated.
• It is illogical for the state to teach citizens not to kill by killing.
The final reason for my opposition is a particularly personal one—the heavy toll capital punishment exacts from the individuals who have to carry out the sanction.
Read the complete article 

Thursday, October 2, 2014

Report Urges Caution in Handling and Relying Upon Eyewitness Identifications in Criminal Cases




Report Urges Caution in Handling and Relying Upon Eyewitness Identifications in Criminal Cases, Recommends Best Practices for Law Enforcement and Courts

WASHINGTON -- A new report from the National Research Council recommends best practices that law enforcement agencies and courts should follow to improve the likelihood that eyewitness identifications used in criminal cases will be accurate. Science has provided an increasingly clear picture of the inherent limits in human visual perception and memory that can lead to errors, as well as the ways unintentional cues during law enforcement processes can compromise eyewitness identifications, the report says.

“Human visual perception and memory are changeable, the ability to recognize individuals is imperfect, and policies governing law enforcement procedures are not standard -- and any of these limitations can produce mistaken identifications with serious consequences,” said Thomas Albright, director of the Vision Center Laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report.  The report focuses on identifications of strangers rather than of family members or others well-known to the witness.

Problems with eyewitness identifications have long been documented, and many of the cases in which DNA evidence later exonerated an innocent person involved at least one mistaken eyewitness. Research in recent decades has revealed many factors that can lead to such mistaken identifications, the report says. Conditions during the commission of the crime such as dim lighting, brief viewing times, stress, or the presence of a visually distracting element such as a gun or knife can influence people’s perceptions. Gaps in sensory input are filled by expectations that are based on an individual’s prior experiences with the world, which can bias perceptions. Studies also have shown that eyewitnesses are more likely to make mistakes when making an identification among people of another race rather than when making an identification of a person from the eyewitness’s own race.

In addition, memory is often an unfaithful record of what was perceived through sight; people’s memories are continuously evolving. As memories are processed, encoded, stored, and retrieved, many factors can compromise their fidelity to actual events. Although the individual may be unaware of it, memories are forgotten, reconstructed, updated, and distorted.


Standardized Procedures for Eyewitness IDs Needed

The law enforcement community, while operating under considerable pressure and with limited resources, is already working to improve the accuracy of eyewitness identifications, the report says. However, these efforts have not been uniform and often fall short because of insufficient training, the absence of standard operating procedures, and the presence of actions and statements that unintentionally influence eyewitnesses.

Caution should be exercised in using eyewitness identification procedures and when relying on these identifications in court, the report says.  For example, police departments should implement standardized procedures for handling lineups, including using “double-blind” processes to prevent cues and biases from creeping in. Judges should ensure, through expert testimony or jury instructions, that jurors understand factors that may affect the accuracy of an eyewitness identification in a particular case.

Many police departments have begun to use sequential lineups – in which the witnesses are shown one person or photo at a time -- instead of simultaneous lineups, which show several people or photos at once. However, additional research is needed to determine which procedure is superior, the report says.  It recommends the establishment of a National Research Initiative on Eyewitness Identification to better understand best practices for conducting lineups and photo arrays, assessing witnesses’ confidence levels, and understanding other aspects of eyewitness identifications.

“At this point, more research needs to be done to tell us whether sequential or simultaneous lineups are more effective at producing accurate identifications,” said co-chair Jed Rakoff, senior judge on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. “But there are many practices that have been validated by scientific methods and research that we already know can reduce the likelihood of erroneous identifications, and law enforcement agencies and courts should implement and follow them consistently.”


Best Practices for Law Enforcement

To increase the likelihood of accuracy in eyewitness identifications, the report recommends that law enforcement agencies use the following practices in handling eyewitness identifications.

§  Train all law enforcement officers in eyewitness identification. An eyewitness’s memory of an incident can be contaminated by a wide variety of influences, including interaction with the police. All law enforcement agencies should provide their officers and agents with training about vision and memory, practices for minimizing contamination, and effective eyewitness identification protocols. Police officers should be trained to ask open-ended questions, avoid suggestiveness, and efficiently manage scenes with multiple witnesses (for example, minimizing interactions among witnesses).
§  Implement double-blind lineup and photo array procedures. Even if a line-up administrator doesn’t verbally tell the witness which person in a lineup or photo array is the suspect, he or she could still convey the suspect’s identity through unintended body gestures, facial expressions, or other nonverbal cues. Using a double-blind procedure, in which neither the witness nor the administrator knows which person in the lineup or photo array is the suspect, can avoid this inadvertent bias.
§  Develop and use standardized witness instructions. The report recommends the development of a standard set of easily understood instructions to use when engaging a witness in an identification procedure. Witnesses should be instructed that the perpetrator may or may not be in the photo array or lineup and that, regardless of whether the witness identifies a suspect, the investigation will continue. Such instructions should be used consistently in all photo arrays and lineups and could either be pre-recorded or read aloud by administrators.
§  Document witness confidence judgments. Evidence indicates that an eyewitness’s level of confidence in their identifications at the time of trial is not a reliable predictor of their accuracy. The relationship between confidence and accuracy is likely to be strongest at the time of initial identification. Law enforcement should document the witness’s level of confidence verbatim at the time when she or he first identifies a suspect. 
§  Videotape the witness identification process. To obtain and preserve a permanent record of the conditions associated with the initial identification, the committee recommended that video recording of eyewitness identification procedures become standard practice.


Best Practices for Courts

The federal standard governing the admissibility of eyewitness testimony is set forth in the Manson vs. Braithwaite test under the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution. But the test was set out in 1977 before much of the applied research on eyewitness identification had been conducted, and it includes factors that are not diagnostic of reliability. The best guidance for legal regulation of eyewitness identification evidence comes not from constitutional rulings but from the careful use and understanding of scientific evidence, the report says. It recommends best practices for judges to follow in assessing and using eyewitness testimony.

§  Conduct pre-trial judicial inquiry. Judges have an obligation to ensure the reliability of evidence presented at a trial and should make basic inquiries about eyewitness identification evidence being offered. When assessing the reliability of an eyewitness identification, it is important to know which eyewitness identification procedures the agency had in place and the degree to which they were followed. If indicators of unreliable eyewitness identifications are present, judges should follow applicable procedural law in deciding whether to exclude the identifications or use a lesser sanction. A judge could limit portions of the eyewitness’s testimony, for example, or ensure that the jury is provided with a scientific framework within which to evaluate the evidence.
§  Make juries aware of prior identifications. The accepted practice of in-court eyewitness identifications can influence juries in ways that cross-examination, expert testimony, or jury instructions are unable to counter effectively. Moreover, the passage of time since the initial identification may mean that a courtroom identification is a less accurate test of an eyewitness’s memory. Whenever the eyewitness identifies a suspect in the courtroom, juries should hear detailed information about any earlier identification, including the procedures used and the confidence expressed by the witness at that time. An eyewitness identification should not typically occur for the first time in a courtroom.
§  Use scientific framework expert testimony.  Many scientifically established aspects of eyewitness memory are counterintuitive and may defy expectations, and jurors need assistance in understanding the factors that may affect the accuracy of an identification. In many cases this information can be most effectively conveyed by expert testimony. Judges should have the discretion to allow expert testimony explaining relevant research on eyewitness memory and identifications. Local jurisdictions should make efforts to ensure that defendants receive funding to obtain access to qualified experts.
§  Use jury instructions as an alternative means to convey information. These instructions can be used as an alternative way to convey information about eyewitness identification factors the jury should consider. Jury instructions should, in clear language, explain the relevant principles, allowing judges to focus the instructions on factors relevant to the specific case. Appropriate legal organizations, together with law enforcement, prosecutors, defense counsel, and judges, should convene a body to establish model jury instructions regarding eyewitness identifications.

The study was sponsored by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies.  They are private, independent nonprofit institutions that provide science, technology, and health policy advice under a congressional charter granted to NAS in 1863.  The National Research Council is the principal operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering.  For more information, visit http://national-academies.org